Mechanical Switches

Mechanical switches are useful for direct input to digital circuits. One of the more convenient versions is a bank of rocker switches pac...

Multiplexed Bus

In order to describe the timing of such a shared data bus, it is necessary to define some notation for timing diagrams. The notation used...

Tri-State Logic

Tri-state logic does not refer to orderly thinking in a three state geographic region! When we speak of binary (base two number) values, ...

CMOS logic

CMOS logic ( complementary symmetry MOS ) is another form of MOS logic. It has advantages over NMOS logic for low power circuitry and for...

NMOS Logic

The conductive state of the FET's channel is what allows or prevents current from flowing in the device. For a typical logic N-channe...

The FET as a Logic Switch

Most of the logic devices used in highly integrated circuits do not use bipolar transistors. Instead, they use field effect transistors....

Transistor Switch OFF

When the input is connected to logic zero (ground voltage), no current flows into the base of the transistor, since its base and emitter t...

Transistor Switch ON

Transistors can be configured to function as switches. As can be seen in figure bellow, an NPN transistor operating as a current controlled ...